Due in part to historic exclusion from decision-making processes, we have created a transportation system that has limited access by people of color and other marginalized groups to work, education, health, and other opportunities.
Our highways have benefitted suburban and mostly white commuters while destroying and isolating many urban Black and brown communities. Transit investments too often have prioritized rail access for higher-income communities over bus and rail access for lower-income communities.
Freight facilities and traffic have been concentrated in disadvantaged communities, disrupting those communities and worsening air quality and pedestrian safety. ITS-Davis acknowledges that racism has influenced academic research, instruction and training, and the makeup of our research community. In addition, the webinar includes a presentation on dashboarding safety data. The webinar provided information on best practices in construction management with an emphasis on roles and responsibilities, pay quantities, progress payment best practices, and project documentation.
The webinar provided the latest information about changes to the Tribal Transportation Program Bridge Fund and bridge inspection program. The Division of Energy and Mineral Development assists Tribes with the environmentally responsible exploration, development and management of their energy and mineral resources to create sustainable economies for reservations, generate new jobs and economic self-sufficiency.
This session provides an overview of the division and the services they offer. A recording of this session can be found here.
This webinar provides an overview of the purpose and policies of Tribal Transportation Program, including laws and regulations that govern the program. Presentation: TTP This webinar provides an overview of the Tribal Transportation Planning processes and documents that are required to deliver the Tribal Transportation Program.
Presentation: TTP Planning. This just-in-time webinar is intended for transportation employees new to the Tribal Transportation Program TTP or those that need a refresher. Additional Documents: Port Training Webinar.
In this pandemic period, VPI becomes more essential than supplementing in-person interactions. Regular Civil Service Commission Meeting. CAP Meeting. Design Review Board Regular Meeting. Design Review Board Special Meeting. Ethics Board Regular Meeting. Ethics Board Special Meeting. Historic Preservation Commission. Historic Preservation Commission Agenda. Historic Preservation Commission Regular Meeting. Human Services Funding Advisory Committee.
Read more. Ready for Adopted Final Plan. Overview November 21, Project List Technical Report Read more. Program Environmental Impact Report. What is SCAG?
What is included in Connect SoCal? Connect SoCal contains the following core components: Vision, policies, and performance measures: Contains an overarching vision, policies, a list of regional transportation goals, and measures for evaluating our performance in achieving those goals. Forecasts: Future distribution of population, households, employment, land use, and housing needs. Financial plan: Identifies reasonable expected revenues over the year plan horizon. Hugo, G. Igbokwe, J.
Lichtenberger, E. Mabogunje, A. Publishing Ltd. Mc Gianahan, G. Balk, D. Environment and Urbanization 19, 17 — Newman, P. Oyesiku, O. Phillip, M. Sepe, M. Journal of Sustainable Development Planning Vol. Wadsworth Inc. Terradas, J. Rubes ed. Toman M. Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainability in an Urbanizing.
Temple, A. Valdya C. UK, 1 — Vidfor, J. Is Urban Revitalisation Bad Too? Paper No. Waque S. Webster, D. Washington D. C: The World Bank. Zeeman, G. Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Therefore, stewardship of both natural and human resources is of prime importance. Stewardship of human resources includes consideration of social responsibilities such as working and living conditions of laborers, the needs of rural communities, and consumer health and safety both in the present and the future. Stewardship of land and natural resources involves maintaining or enhancing this vital resource base for the long term.
Three kinds of reserves of natural resources can be identified Reijnders , Chapman : continuous resources such as sunlight and wind, the use of which does not lead to a reduction in their size; renewable resources, such as wood and crops that can be harvested — but not faster than their rate of replenishment; and non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels and minerals.
The last are created by very slow geological processes, so slow in human terms that their use diminishes the available stocks. Resources such as clean water, fertile soils and biodiversity, given the time required for their recovery, can also be considered to be non-renewable.
The Club of Rome first drew attention to the depletion of resources at the beginning of the s. At that time the emphasis was on the depletion of fossil and mineral resources. It was assumed that various important natural resources such as oil and various metal ores would be exhausted within a few decades.
In fact this turned out not to be true. Discoveries of new deposits, technological advances and falling energy prices have made possible the recovery of lower grade ores, and the estimated remaining lifetimes of some resources have been considerably extended.
But this is no reason for complacency. Sooner or later, at the current rate of consumption, the reserves of certain resources will be exhausted. This may be a long way off for a number of fossil fuels and mineral ores, but other resources such as biodiversity and fertile soils are being used up so quickly there is a danger that critical thresholds will be crossed. The drain on biotic resources is particularly alarming; biodiversity and fertile soils are being rapidly used up.
And there is no sign of this attack on biodiversity diminishing. The Earth's natural resources are vital to the survival and development of the human population. Some of these resources, such as minerals, species, and habitats, are finite — once they have been exhausted or destroyed, they are gone forever.
Although many effects of over-exploitation are felt locally, the growing interdependence of nations and international trade in natural resources make their management a global issue.
A careful and well planned integrated crop, livestock and fish farming will go a long way at ensuring sustainability of our natural resources and environmental protection. Selected Bibliography Anonymous. Agri-food production Facts and Figures. Industry and Environment 22 : ISSN Chapman P. Metal resources and energy. Butterworths Monographs in Materials. De Vries S. Mijnbouw en duurzaamheid.
IVEM, Groningen. Climate Change Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific technical analysis, contribution of working group II to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. ISBN 0 9. Strategy to Matthews E. Critical Consumption Trends and Implications.
ISBN Working group on the state of the environment. Towards more sustainable household consumption patterns, Indicators to measure progress. Pinstrup Anderson P. Towards ecologically sustainable world food production. Reijnders L. A normative strategy for sustainable resource choice and recycling. Resources Conservation and Recycling Nationale Milieuverkenning 5 Bilthoven: RIVM.
Voetafdrukken van Nederlanders, energie en ruimtegebruik als gevolg van consumptie. Achtergronden MB98 en MB Report no.
Land use, Land —use change, and Forestry. Cambridge University Press, pp. WWF International. New economics foundation. World conservation monitoring centre: Living Planet Report Gland: WWF International. Adewuyi, 3N. Management of municipal solid waste in Nigeria has become a hydra-headed problem; the menace of solid waste in the environment has never justified both the efforts of government and individuals; and hence the need for continual research on various options for sustainable management of solid wastes.
Nine different common African wood species - Irvingia gabonensis Orokoro , Celtis Zenkeri Ita , Albizia zygia Ayunre , Terminalia superba Afara , Cola gigantia Obi , Cordia millennia Omo , Funtumia elastica Ire , Ceiba petandra Araba and Ficus exasperata Obobo , were assessed for combustion and alkali production as options for management of wood waste. The wood waste sawdust from these species was obtained from a wood factory located behind Bodija market in Ibadan.
Ashing was conducted on saw dusts in porcelain o crucibles at C for 4 hours in a muffle furnace for the determination of ash contents. Extraction of potash from the ashes was done using distilled water with a set of filtration system made up of 4-litre transparent plastic bottle with ash sediment itself serving as a sieve while the extract solution leaked out through pin-holes made at the bottom of the bottle.
The purity of the crude potash and proportions of hydroxides and carbonates were determined by titrimetry; while recrystallization of the crude potash was carried out on three of the wood species which showed low purity to evaluate possible enhancement of their purity. The ash content obtained ranged from 1. Volumetric estimation may portray a better picture of ash and potash yield potentials of the plant 3 materials, and hence expressed as 1.
The hydroxide content obtained ranged from 0. The purity was enhanced from Keywords: wood waste, ash, potash, alkali. The use of wood ash in the past had primarily been restricted to its utilization as liming agent and a source of nutrients for plant Campbell, The chemical composition of an ash depends on that of the substance burned: palm bunch wastes, cocoa pod, plantain leaves, maize cob, wood and sugar beet waste Irvine, ; wood ash contains metal carbonates and oxides formed from metals originally compounded in the wood; seaweed ash contains sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and iodine that can be extracted CEE, Exploration of ash-derived alkalis for domestic use is an age-old craft Onyegbado et al.
Studies of chemical composition of wood ash in the past have primarily been restricted to the elemental composition Baker et al.
A common assumption in most of these analyses has been that the minerals present are oxides of different elements Mahendra, et al. The assumption may be sufficient to identify the extent of alkalinity of wood ash Shelton and Shapiro, Analysis of extracts from ashes by Nwoko and others Onyegbado et al.
Tarun et al. Ashes have a composition which varies according to the kind of wood and the soil in which it grew Kevin, The physical and chemical properties of wood ash vary significantly, depending upon various factors, which in addition to the kind of wood and soil include method and manner of combustion, efficiency of the boiler, and other supplementary fuel used with wood Tarun et al. Potassium content of some wood species were analyzed by Misra et al : pine Potash has been described as a white crystalline residue that remains after aqueous extract from ashes is evaporated Kevin, It is an impure form of potassium carbonate mixed with other potassium salts Wikipedia, These could be produced locally and industrially.
There are various local extraction technologies, depending on the desired quality, quantity and intended use of the resulting potash Babayemi et al, a. Generally, containers made of aluminum are to be avoided since alkali attacks aluminum. It consists of two clay pots of about 50 litres each mounted on each other. The one on top is open at the base, with radius about half the open top.
The open base is completely blocked with pieces of sticks, followed by a layer of wood charcoal. The remaining space on top is then packed with ashes which had already been moistened with water for some days to aid quick extraction.
Water is then carefully poured on top, as to only saturate the ashes, and not to leach the desired component yet. After few hours, when the ash would have completely absorbed the water and every large pores and air spaces blocked, sufficient water is then carefully poured on top.
The water slowly leaches the potash into the lower pot, the ash itself serving as a filter. Perhaps the charcoal removes some unwanted organics from the leaching potash. The potash produced this way is usually coloured brown, and may have contributed to the black colour of the local soap produced with it. At the top is a transparent plastic bottle of about 2 litres capacity and at the base is a beaker. The bottle is filled with ashes to about one-third.
Sufficient water is added, capped and then shaken thoroughly to dissolve the soluble components. The ash is allowed to settle, till a clear liquid is observed at the top.
One or two pin- holes are made at the bottom, and then placed on the beaker, while the cap is removed. The solution on top is filtered by the ashes as it leaks into the beaker.
The potash solution obtained this way is usually clear, that is, colorless, although it also depends on the source of the ash. One of the major management problems in the mega-cities of Nigeria is that of solid waste disposal. Wood waste and ashes take a considerable percentage of solid wastes being generated in Nigeria every day. Wood factories, including saw mills, are established in their thousands in various states, with thousands of tons of wood shavings and saw dusts being generated each day Aina, At present in Nigeria, apart from the insignificant use as poultry deep litters, the largest percentage of saw dusts and wood shavings end up in dump sites as waste, where they are burnt and the ashes carried away by flood every year.
The ashes generated, including those from combustion of firewood in various homes and food canteens, are either land-filled or open-dumped. This report evaluates the efficiency of burning and consequent extraction of alkali from the resulting ash, as options for management of wood waste.
Results and Discussion Table 1 shows the results of the moisture content, dry matter content, density of sample, and density of ashes; the values ranged from The values of ash and potash contents obtained Figure 3 ranged between 1. Crude potash purity 4. Funtumia elastica gave the highest moisture content while Funtuia elastica had the lowest dry matter content.
Ceiba pentandra had the lowest moisture content, highest dry matter content, lowest density and lowest ash yield. Terminali superba had relatively lower moisture content, relatively higher dry matter content, relatively high density and highest ash yield. Funtumia elastica gave the lowest ash yield, while Terminalia superba gave the highest. This observation was completely reversed in the case of potash yield: Terminalia superba gave the least potash yield.
A higher yield was obtained for Funtumia elastica and Ficus exasperata gave the highest yield. It may then be inferred that where ash yield is of interest, Ficus exasperata offers the best option; and where potash yield is of interest, Ficus exasperata offers the best option.
As shown in Table 3, the results of the determination of ash content in terms of volume ranged 3 3 from 1. Taking the upper value And assuming the wood 3 factories generated 82 m of sawdust per day Babayemi and Dauda, , it gave 1 Potash content of the ashes ranged 3 between 4.
Taking What a great resource! Alkali content observed for Ficus exasperata was the highest; and Irvingia gabonensis, being the least. The high alkali content suggests potential use as laboratory reagent, since these results are comparable to the recommended purity of It may then be inferred that potash from ashes is predominantly carbonate of potassium or sodium.
The formation of oxides K2O and Na2O suggested by Onyegbado et al could only be true for the burning of pure metals in air; this may not be applicable to the burning of these metals in organic matrices: the potassium or sodium in plant materials is bound in organic matrix of which carbon is a major constituent.
During combustion, there is a high release of carbon IV oxide, leading to the formation of carbonate rather than oxide of the metals as suggested by these authors. Irvingia gabonensis contained the highest non-alkali content and Ficus exasperata contained the least. A very high percentage of The results obtained after the enhancement of purity of the crude potash by recrystallization show the possibility of improving upon purity of potash alkali and making it fit for various uses.
The two Figures 5 and 6 showed no correlations. Conclusion Ficus exasperata, Ceiba pentandra and Funtumia elastica gave higher potash yield and very high purities were obtained for Ficus exasperata.
These wood species could be recommended as choice materials for potash production. Leaching of caustic potash from cocoa husk ash. Bioresource Technology. Aina, O. Wood waste utilization for energy generation. Ankrah, E. Chemical studies of some plant wastes from Ghana. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 25 10 , DOI: Evaluation of solid waste generation, categories and disposal options in developing countries: a case study of Nigeria. Babayemi, J. O, Dauda, K. Assessment of ancient and improved alkali production technology.
Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. In press. Determination of potash alkali and metal contents of ashes obtained from peels of some varieties of Nigeria Grown Musa species. BioResources 5 3 : Evaluation of the composition and Chemistry of ash and potash from various plant materials — a review. Journal of Applied Sciences.
Baker, D. Techniques for rapid analyses of corn leaves for eleven elements. Journal 56, pp. Campbell, A. Recycling and disposing of wood ash. Tappi 73 9 , pp. A 2a Powder Bulk Density. West African Crops. Oxford University Press.
Caveman Chemistry. Retrieved from www. Factors affecting the lixiviation of palm bunch ash as a source of alkali for soap production. Ife Journal of Technology. Manhendra, K. Wood ash composition as a function of furnace temperature. Biomass and Bioenergy, 4 2 , pp. Practical Environmental Analysis. Misra, M. Wood Miroslav, R. Plant ash composition as a function of furnace temperature.
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